A Low Emission Zone (LEZ) is a city area where only low-pollution vehicles are allowed in order to reduce air pollution. In these zones, diesel heavy trucks are fully banned, gasoline vehicles are restricted, and cars that do not meet Euro 4 standards (a European regulation limiting vehicle emissions) may face time or location restrictions. Hanoi plans to begin implementing LEZs in 2026 and gradually expand them across the city by 2030.

Personalised AI copilots are advanced AI models that support users’ decision-making across various areas, including but not limited to career choices and personal relationships. Unlike simple assistant tools, they proactively offer guidance to users by remembering their conversations and decision patterns.

Citizen journalism involves individuals and citizens playing an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analysing, and disseminating news and information. The principle of citizen journalism is that ordinary people, rather than professional journalists, can be the lead authors and distributors of messages. In recent times, citizen journalism has become increasingly possible due to the development of various online platforms (e.g., social media as well as sites such as DigitalJournal.com, Ground Report, and NowPublic)

Universal basic assets refer to policies in which governments guarantee citizens access to essential resources such as land, housing, education, and food. Universal basic income refers to policies in which governments provide citizens with direct payments sufficient to ensure at least a minimum standard of living.

The School Without Party movement (Escola sem Partido) originated in Brazil and aims to remove ideological indoctrination from schools. This includes promoting curriculum neutrality and restricting teachers from delivering political content.